that it excludes aimless caprice and pure accident. So far this fits in closely with the general theological ideas of such men as Origen, Justin Martyr, St. Augustine, and the scholastics. Admittedly their attempts to fill in details connected with natural science were usually incorrect, but the general idea of an ordered and harmonious scheme, the assumption which still remains at the base of ...

shaykh shams al-din mohammad ben makki ameli known as the first martyr is an outstanding faqih from jabal amel in the ayyubids period. trying to spread shiism in an anti-shiite environment and to have relationships with the sarbedaran of khorasan in iran, he was imprisoned and finally martyred. relying on the relationship between religion and reason and the status of reason in religious precept...

the philosophy of kalam science is an external view about kalam that focuses on conceptual and confirmative principles like: definition, subject, the origins of emanation, approaches, historical stages, and other general criteria. from martyr motahharii’s point of view the function of kalam, as a completely islamic knowledge is the clarification of islamic proofs and defense of religious misgiv...

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