Apparent inconsistency in criminal sentencing at District Court level in New Zealand (NZ) might also be expected for health and safety in employment (HSE) offences. We review relevant legislation and the guidelines established in the de Spa appeal case, and estimate a model of HSE sentencing variability distinguishing the de Spa criteria (and a subset similar to those used in the formal U.S. cr...

An exogenous increase in the money supply is typically followed by a temporary fall in nominal interest rates. Flexible price macroeconomic models argue that this liquidity effect arises because asset markets are segmented. That is, only a fraction of the agents are present in the bond market when the central bank conducts an open market operation. However, to be quantitatively successful, segm...

Papaioannou, Theo; Watkins, Andrew; Mugwagwa, Julius and Kale, Dinar (2015). Industry Associations and the Changing Politics of Making Medicines in South Africa. In: Mackintosh, Maureen; Banda, Geoffrey; Tibandebage, Paula and Wamae, Watu eds. Making Medicines in Africa: the Political Economy of Industrializing for Local Health. International Political Economy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, ...

Urban production externalities (agglomeration effects) are external effects among producers in areas with a high density of economic activity. Such external effects are the main explanation for why productivity is usually highest in those areas of a country where economic activity is densest. There is some disagreement about the strength of urban production externalities. What is clear however ...

abstract theories of behavior consumer deal with human behaviors as a being with will and purpose, so they are based on specific assumptions about the human nature and fundamentals of decision making. these assumptions often have ideological roots in different value systems consequently they are different in various these systems. the aim of this paper is to investigate these assumptions in the...