CD4 T cells potentiate the inflammatory or humoral immune response through the action of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. The molecular basis of the differentiation of these cells from naive T cell precursors is, however, unclear. We found that GATA-3 was selectively expressed in Th2 cells. GATA-3 is expressed at a high level in naive, freshly activated T cells and Th2 lineage cells, but subsid...

The role of CD28/B7 and LFA-1/ICAM costimulation in proliferation and Th1/Th2 differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells was addressed using T cells from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice stimulated by dendritic cells. The blockade of either CD28/B7 or LFA-1/ICAM interactions partially inhibited T cell proliferation. By comparison, blocking CD28/B7 costimulation inhibited IL-4 and IL-5 (Th2 cytokine) prod...

BACKGROUND We previously reported that NKG2A, a key inhibitory ligand for HLA-E, is expressed on activated TH2 but not TH1 cells. Here we measured cytokine expression in human ex vivo TH2 cells upon activation with anti-CD3/28 and challenge with an NKG2A-specific agonist. METHODS TH2 cells were purified from healthy volunteers and activated with anti-CD3/28 in the presence and absence of NKG2...

T helper 2 cells regulate inflammatory responses to helminth infections while also mediating pathological processes of asthma and allergy. IL-4 promotes Th2 development by inducing the expression of the GATA3 transcription factor, and the Th2 phenotype is stabilized by a GATA3-dependent autoregulatory loop. In this study, we found that type I IFN (IFN-alpha/beta) blocked human Th2 development a...

Th2 cells can be subdivided into subpopulations depending on the level of a cytokine and the subsets of cytokines they produce. We have recently identified the ETS family transcription factor PU.1 as regulating heterogeneity in Th2 populations. To define additional factors that might contribute to Th2 heterogeneity, we examined the PU.1 interacting protein IFN-regulatory factor (IRF)4. When Th2...

the t helper 17 (th17) cells have been suggested to have osteoclast activating effects while t helper 2 (th2) cells are considered to have an osteoprotective role in periodontitis. this study was to compare the markers of th17 cells (rorc2 and il-17 genes) with that of th2 cells (il-4 and gata-3 genes) between healthy and periodontitis tissues.the samples were obtained from patients with period...

The immune system of the human organism comprises the innate system cells and the adaptive immune cells. The former include the hematopoietic cells, mast cells, basophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, and the latter include CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, T regulatory cells (Tr) and B cells. The innate system DCs are the major antigen-presenting cells to Th(o) CD4+ T cells in l...

background: il-4 is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper t cells into th2 cells. once activated by il-4, th2 cells subsequently produce additional il-4. objective: to examine the effect of il-4 on il-17 production and its effect in collagen- induced arthritis (cia) mice. method: in this study, a chicken collagen-ii-induced experimental arthritis (cia) model was used in dba/1 ...

The liver is the major site of clearance and degradation of foreign antigens from the portal circulation. Despite the presence of hepatic accessory cells, antibody responses to orally administered antigens are uncommon. To ascertain if hepatic accessory cells are incapable of stimulating specific subsets of T lymphocytes, freshly isolated hepatic nonparenchymal and splenic cells were cultured w...