Kemik metabolizması hem fizyolojik de patolojik durumlarda karmaşık ve zorlu bir konudur. Dokunun homeostazisi büyük oranda osteoblastların osteoklastların karşılıklı aktiviteleri ile idare edilmektedir. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), başlıca osteoblastlar tarafından üretilen RANKL bağlanarak osteoklast farklılaşmasının inhibe edilmesini sağlayan tuzak reseptördür. OPG seviyesindeki düşüş yoğun aktivas...

TGF-β plays an important role in a myriad of cell activities including differentiation, proliferation, and growth arrest. These effects are influenced by the concentration of TGF-β in the surrounding milieu, which is interpreted by mammalian cells and subsequently translated into meaningful signals that guide their proliferation, survival, or death. To predict cellular responses to TGF-ß signal...

ABBREVIATIONS AP-1, activator protein-1; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; ERK, extracellular signalregulated kinase; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase; IGF-IIR, insulin-like growth factor-II receptor; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; RPA, RNase protection assay; TGF-ß, transformin...

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial event in tumor invasion and metastasis. However, most of past EMT studies have been conducted in the conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture. Therefore, it remains unclear what invasive phenotypes are acquired by EMT-induced cancer cells. To address this point, we attempted to characterize EMT cells in more physiological, three-di...