Abstract After reviewing the algebraic derivation of Doppler factor in Liénard-Wiechert potentials an electrically charged point particle, we conclude that Dirac delta function used electrodynamics must be one obeying weak definition, non-zero infinitesimal neighborhood, and not strong a point. This conclusion emerges from our analysis a) important identity, which generates factor, b) linear su...

The temperature induced unfolding/dissociation of the dimeric subtilisin inhibitor from Streptomyces and its mutant D83C having an S-S crosslink between the subunits has been studied calorimetrically. Comparison of the entropies measured at different concentrations of dimer showed that the entropy cost of crosslinking is small. Its value at the standard concentration of 1 M is of the order of -...

The 28 MHz accelerating system consists of a quarter wave cavity driven by an inductively coupled 100kW tetrode amplifer and 1kW solid state driver amplifer. 40dB of rf feedback closed around the cavity and amplifers reduces small perturbations within the loop by a factor of 100, and reduces the time required to shift the phase at transition by a factor of 10, limited by the saturation of the d...

Three high voltage modulators used during testing and operation of the Tevatron Electron Lens (TEL) at Fermilab will be described. Short high voltage (0 to ~20kV) pulses from these modulators vary the anode-cathode voltage of the TEL electron gun to control the magnitude of the electron beam current. The trio of modulators include a low repetition rate MOSFET-based pulser, a fast ionization dev...

Friction forces acting on rotators may promote their alignment and therefore eliminate degrees of freedom in their movement. The alignment of rotators by friction force was shown by experiments performed with different spinners, demonstrating how friction generates negentropy in a system of rotators. A gas of rigid rotators influenced by friction force is considered. The orientational negentrop...

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is located within the dorsomedial prefrontal (PFC), and processes facilitates goal-directed behaviors relating to emotion, reward, motor control. However, it unclear how ACC neurons dynamically encode motivated behavior during locomotion. In this study, we examined information for locomotion behavioral outcomes temporally represented by individual ensembles o...

The last two decades of research provided evidence for a substantial heterogeneity among feeding-related neurons (FRNs) in the hypothalamus. However, it remains unclear how FRNs differ in their firing patterns during food intake. Here, we investigated the relationship between the activity of neurons in mouse hypothalamus and their feeding behavior. Using tetrode-based in vivo recording techniqu...