Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase (RT) containing an intrinsic telomerase RNA (TR) component. It synthesizes telomeric DNA repeats, (GGTTAG)n in humans, by reiteratively copying a precisely defined, short template sequence from the integral TR. The specific mechanism of how the telomerase active site uses this short template region accurately and efficiently during processive DN...

We discuss the temporal efficiency of template-directed polymer synthesis, such as DNA replication and transcription, under a given template string. To weigh the synthesis speed and accuracy on the same scale, we propose a template-directed synthesis (TDS) rate, which contains an expression analogous to that for the Shannon entropy. Increasing the synthesis speed accelerates the TDS rate, but t...

In a coupled system consisting of RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli, the four deoxyribo- and the four ribonucleoside triphosphates, and DNA of bacteriophage f1 as template, DNA synthesis depends on the concomitant synthesis of RNA. Over a wide range of concentrations of the two polymerases, RNA synthesis was unaffected by the simultaneous synthesis of DNA, whereas the rate...

higher-Order Transformations (hOTs) have become an important support of the development of model transformations in various transformation languages. Most frequently hOTs are used to synthesize transformations from different kinds of models, for example, mapping models. This means that model-driven development (MDD) is successfully applied to transformations as well. The standard hOT solution i...

Chromatin template activity of mouse parotid glands increases after a single injection of isoproterenol (IPR), a procedure that causes, after a lag period of 20 hr, a marked stimulation of DNA synthesis and cell division in salivary glands of rodents. The increase in chromatin template activity occurs as early as 1 hr and peaks between 6 and 10 hr after IPR, paralleling previously reported chan...

Bromoviral templates for plus-strand RNA synthesis are rich in A or U nucleotides in comparison to templates for minus-strand RNA synthesis. Previous studies demonstrated that plus-strand RNA synthesis by the brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA replicase is more efficient if the template contains an A/U-rich template sequence near the initiation site (K. Sivakumaran and C. C. Kao, J. Virol. 73:6415-64...