Performance of revenue indicates relative change in yield from tax as well as non-tax revenue of national or subnational governments. It takes into account the changes in rates, base, and coverage related to the structure of revenue sources. It also incorporates the issues related to efficiency in governance of tax and non-tax sources. Various concepts and techniques are used for the measuremen...

• Tax treatment of health benefits—Various proposals have been made to change the tax treatment of health coverage, which currently is tax free to both employers and workers. Proponents of these changes argue, among other things, that current tax rules are unfair and contribute to unnecessary spending for health care. This Issue Brief examines changes that policymakers are discussing, explores ...

There are strong incentives to delay or accelerate investment to take advantage of predictable changes in after-tax prices. For sufficiently long-lived capital goods, these incentives are so strong that the intertemporal elasticity of investment demand is nearly infinite. For temporary tax changes, the equilibrium shadow price of long-lived capital goods should fully reflect the tax subsidy reg...

The tax burden on equity securities has varied substantially since US federal income taxes were introduced in 1913. Taxes on equity securities vary over time due to changes in dividend and capital gains tax rates and due to changes in corporate payout policies. Equity taxes also vary across firms due to persistent differences in propensities to pay dividends. Despite the continuing policy debat...

The EU and the Member States have been forced in recent years to take a stronger position against growing trend of tax fraud, evasion, avoidance. legislative non-legislative acts this area resulted from political attitudes, economic intentions, proposals, compromises reached between individual States, on one hand, EU, other, their effort combat fraudulent behaviour taxation area. fight area, be...

This paper estimates the dynamic effects of changes in taxes in the United States. We distinguish between the effects of changes in personal and corporate income taxes using a new narrative account of federal tax liability changes in these two tax components. We develop an estimator in which narratively identified tax changes are used as proxies for structural tax shocks and apply it to quarter...

iran  budgeting  structure  and concepts  have  changed  since  200 i .these changes  embrace  the  items  such  as  ,   concepts  of revenues  ,   expenses  , capital   assets   as  well   as   financial   assets   ,    which   resulted    in  more information  transparency .   as a results  the government  budget  is  drawn up  as  such  of an  economic   firm's  budget.  structural  ref...

This paper introduces an index of tax optimality that measures the distance of some current tax structure from the optimal tax structure in the presence of public goods. In doing so, we derive a [0, 1] number that reveals immediately how far the current tax configuration is from the optimal one and, thereby, the degree of efficiency of a tax system. We call this number the Tax Optimality Index....

A common criticism of tax and welfare policy is that these policies create disincentives for marriage, spurring recent calls for “welfare reform” or eliminating the “marriage penalty” in the federal income tax system. These criticisms are lobbied in the midst of a literature with little conclusive evidence on the effect of these policies on marriage. Changes since the mid-1980s in federal incom...