The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax oncoprotein transforms human lymphocytes and is critical for the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-induced adult T-cell leukaemia. In HTLV-transformed cells, Tax upregulates interleukin (IL)-13, a cytokine with proliferative and anti-apoptotic functions that is linked to leukaemogenesis. Tax-stimulated IL-13 is thought to result in autocrine stimulation ...

What are the macroeconomic effects of tax adjustments in response to large public debt shocks in highly integrated economies? The answer from standard closed-economy models is deceptive, because they underestimate the elasticity of capital tax revenues and ignore crosscountry spillovers of tax changes. Instead, we examine this issue using a two-country model that matches the observed elasticity...

This chapter presents a survey of the theoretical literature on tax competition. Specifically, it reviews recent work on the effect of factor mobility and the ensueing tax competition on the capacity of governments to raise revenue and redistribute income. It focuses on three issues: the relevance and limitations of the “raise against the bottom” result, the benefits and pitfalls of partial coo...

An increase in the taxation of foreign affi liates reduces domestic investment, as has recently been empirically shown in Becker and Riedel (2012). This paper investigates the implication of this finding for tax competition. It is shown that an increase in the number of multinational firms (in contrast to purely national firms) may actually mitigate tax competition — counter to the popular opin...

Value-added tax (VAT) is the core transaction tax for most countries. It involves every process of production and consumption along the value chain, and requires not only administrative capacity on behalf of the government entity (revenue authority), but also on the part of the private sector through accounting and reporting. As such, the implementation and structure of the VAT have direct impl...

In this paper, we provide new evidence regarding the pass-through of diesel and gasoline taxes to prices, and how the estimated pass-through depends on a variety of supply conditions including a measure of state residual supply elasticity, refinery and inventory constraints. In addition, we estimate the response of tax incidence to two regulatory changes in fuel markets diesel dye regulations, ...

This paper analyses the combination of taxes and subsidies as an instrument to enable a reduction in CO2 emission. The objective of the study is to compare recycling of a CO2 tax revenue as a subsidy for biomass use as opposed to traditional recycling such as reduced income or corporate taxation. A model of Denmark's energy supply sector is used to analyse the e€ect of a CO2 tax combined with u...

Politicians care about tax revenues in part because they pay for transfers or public goods which are important to voters, and which are thus important for the politician’s reelection. When economic sectors differ in their taxability, i.e. the degree to which tax revenues can be extracted by the state, politicians will thus have an incentive to allocate their support for business activity uneven...

underground economy affects important indexes such as formal gdp, unemployment, consumption, production and etc. therefore it is necessary to identify elements and factors which affect underground economy to restrict it. surveys and studies indicate the size of iran’s underground economy is high and taxes, quantity and quality of regulations and performance of formal economy are the important f...