This study set out to explore the impact of three levels of task planning on the accuracy of task-based oral performance with narrative task types among sixty Iranian sophomores majoring in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) at Islamic Azad University – Tabriz Branch. It was hypothesized that simultaneous pre-task/on-line planning would lead to more accurate performance. To test the ...

In this paper, we propose an automatic mechanism of Hierarchical Task Networks (HTNs) creation for solving the problem of real-time path planning in Real-Time Strategy (RTS) Games. HTNs are created using an abstraction of the game map. A real-time heuristic search approach called Learning Real-Time A* (LRTA) is applied to execute the primitive tasks of the HTNs. The main purpose of using a HTN ...

Although task reduction (HTN) planning historically preceded partial order (PO) planning, and is understood to be more general than the latter, very little analysis has been done regarding its performance. Part of the reason for this has been the lack of systematic understanding of the functionalities provided by HTN planning over and above that of partial order planning. HTN planning has been ...

Research evidence reported to date demonstrates the differential effects of manipulating second language (L2) task conditions on the resultant production as measured in terms of complexity, accuracy, and fluency. The present study was aimed at adding to the available body of findings by exploring the synergistic effects of two task condition variables, namely online planning and immediacy (± He...

aim and background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which primary symptoms emerges in adults between the age 20 and 40 years old. previous findings indicate 15-20 percent of multiple sclerosis (ms) patients are diagnosed with executive function impairments. the purpose of this study is to evaluate planning function as one of executive f...

Casting planning problems as propositional satlsfiability problems has recently been shown to be an effective way of scaling up plan synthesis. Until now, the benefits of this approach have only been utUized in primitive action-based planning models. Motivated by the conventional wisdom in the planning community about the effectiveness of hierarchical task network (HTN) planning models, in this...

For HTN planning, we formally characterize and classify four kinds of problem spaces in which each node represents a planning problem or subproblem. Two of the problem spaces are searched by current HTN planning algorithms; the other two problem spaces are new. This enables us to provide: • Sufficient (and in one case, necessary) conditions for finiteness of each kind of problem space. The cond...

Multirobot path planning and task assignment are traditionally treated separately, however task assignment can greatly impact the difficulty of the path planning problem, and the ultimate quality of solution is dependent upon both. We introduce task reassignment, an approach to optimally solving the coupled task assignment and path planning problems. We show that task reassignment improves solu...

Task-based language teaching, which requires learners to transact tasks resembling their real life language needs, demands language learners to perform planning at different stages of their learning. Since various types of tasks can be used in task-based instruction, the present study examined the effect of task types and various participatory structures during pre-task planning on the quality ...