We develop a multi-country Dixit-Stiglitz model to investigate the impacts of: (i) changes in the international distribution of consumers’ expenditure; (ii) decreasing tariffs; and (iii) improvements in transportation infrastructure. We show that, in general, decreasing tariff barriers do not allow for any clear predictions regarding changes in industry location and welfare, whereas this is pos...

address to increasing demand for wood products and limited domestic resources, wood and wood products imports as one of the easily available and widespread ways in international context, is very important. among the policy on the imported wood market that is evident, apply a tariff and non-tariff barriers. know the reaction importers against the change priced is important to be determined and a...

The deregulation of power markets gave origin to a new activity: the retail business. Although it should, together with generation, be opened to competition, its implementation has been usually postponed to the last stages of the liberalization process. The diversity of situations that can be found in the international experience illustrates the lack of consensus about the appropriate design of...

The rapid world economic growth have stimulated the businesses towards involvement in international marketplaces due to their low business risks, low commitment of resources and high flexibility. However, the evidence indicates barriers to export are thought to vary across different stages of internationalization. Therefore, this empirical study was carried out to explore export barriers of agr...

Deep trade agreements are widespread and have taken the world beyond tariff liberalization in goods trade. As importance of global supply chains services sector increased across world, shallow reductions gave way to deeper commitments that address non-tariff barriers behind border This paper shows deep agreement increase by 25% for even more services. Taking reduced-form estimates a quantitativ...

Red-tape barriers (RTBs) are an important source of trade costs, but have received little attention in the trade literature. In this paper we take a first step toward a theory of RTBs, and show that their implications can be very different from those of more traditional trade barriers. The model highlights that RTBs have important impacts on the extensive margin of trade, and yields rich compar...

While tariff barriers have drastically reduced around the world, non-tariff barriers, including demonstrating compliance with technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures, remain a significant obstacle to trade could be particularly daunting for small medium enterprises (SMEs). International standards been recognized as an effective way reduce (TBT). This research exam...