This paper introduces a new methodology to target direct transfers against poverty. Our method is based on observable correlates and on estimation methods that focus on the poor. Using data from Tunisia, we estimate ‘focused’ transfer schemes that improve anti-poverty targeting performances. Post-transfer poverty can be substantially reduced with the new estimation method. The impact of these s...

We examine the relative merits of targeting children within the household through price subsidies and cash transfers. To do so, we model the behavior of a household composed of one adult and one child. We then show that ‘favorable’distortions from price subsidies may allow redistributing toward the child and then derive the conditions under which this redistributive scheme is more e¢ cient than...

Objective Targeting rural outreach services to areas of highest relative need is challenging because of the higher costs it imposes on health workers to travel longer distances. This paper studied whether subsidies have the potential to support the provision of specialist outreach services into more remote locations. Methods National data about subsidies for medical specialist outreach provider...

to promote their exports and get access to world market, many countries have adopted the policy of exports subsidies. subsidies are usually provided by governments or state bodies which cause adverse effects to the interests of another member of countries or disturb the process of free trade worldwide. world trade organization (wto) which is established on free and fair trade, has put limitatio...

The world trade system’s bedrock was laid more than seventy years ago and its architecture structural principles were shaped by the societal paradigm of western democracies. last two decades have seen admission various government-dominated economies to WTO. This raised serious paradigmatic challenges. system tailored needs characteristics democracies proved be inadequately equipped frame econom...

avicenna (980 – 1037 ad) known as the prince of physicians in the west was one of the most prominent persian thinkers, philosophers, and physicians. owing to his interests in cardiology, he authored considerable works on different aspects of cardiology. “resaley-e-ragshenasi” (book on pulsology) and”kitab al-adviyt- ol-qalbiye” (the book on drugs for cardiovascular diseases) are avicenna’s grea...

Since the mid-1990s there has been a concerted effort to encourage fisheries sustainability by targeting large-scale, high-catch fisheries and by raising consumer awareness. Because of the often slow pace of regulatory approaches, this voluntary, market-oriented effort has been structured so as to avoid government involvement. But have smallscale fisheries, our best option for sustainable use o...

The present paper investigates the effectiveness of R&D subsidies given to start-ups. Taking an aggregate view rather than evaluating a single program, we estimate the impact of R&D subsidies on start-ups’ employment growth and their patent output. A unique data set on start-ups in the East German county of Thuringia allows us to focus on those start-ups that conduct R&D within the first three ...

background out of eight commonly agreed millennium development goals (mdg), six are related to the attainment of universal health coverage (uhc) throughout the globe. this universalization of health status suggests policies to narrow the gap in access and benefit sharing between different socially and economically underprivileged classes with that of the better placed ones and a consequent expa...