Linguistic information can be conveyed in the form of speech and written text, but it is the content of the message that is ultimately essential for higher-level processes in language comprehension, such as making inferences and associations between text information and knowledge about the world. Linguistically, inference is the shovel that allows receivers to dig meaning out from the text with...

This article was written based on the key concept of polysystem theory which, in translating any literary text, emphasizes the transference of the social systems in which a text is embedded. As stated by Tynjanov (1978a), polysystem theory saw translated literature as a system operating in the larger social systems of the target text. Thus, the task of understanding as well as transferring such...

Language­independent Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) has proven to be very challenging. The diversity of languages makes high accuracy difficult and requires substantial parallel corpus as well as linguistic resources (parsers, morph analyzers, etc.). An interesting observation is that a large chunk of machine translation (MT) requirements involve related languages. They are either : (i) ...

The effect of error feedback on the accuracy of output task types such as editing task, text reconstruction task, picture cued writing task, and dictogloss task, has not been clearly explored. Following arguments concerning that the combination of both corrective feedback and output makes it difficult to determine whether their effects were in combination or alone, the purpose of the present st...

Structuring of text document knowledge frequently appears either by ontologies and metadata or by automatic (un-)unsupervised text categorization. This paper describes our integrated framework OTTO (OnTology-based Text mining framewOrk). OTTO uses text mining to learn the target ontology from text documents and uses then the same target ontology in order to improve the effectiveness of both sup...

cognitive science has found out that languages typically make use of conceptual metaphors to concretize abstract meanings. conceptual metaphor explains a target domain which is abstract via a source domain which is concrete. in other words, conceptual metaphor compares an abstract domain with a concrete one and thus makes it understandable for listeners/readers. this article studies the concept...

In this paper, we present a new approach to extracting the target text line from a document image captured by a pen scanner. Given the binary image, a set of possible text lines are first formed by nearest-neighbor grouping of connected components (CC). They are then refined by text line merging and adding the missed CCs. The possible target text line is identified by using a geometric feature ...