This article describes self-cultivation practices originating from the cultural traditions of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. It delineates the therapeutic implications of the three states of self pursued by these three traditions: namely, the relational self, the authentic self, and the nonself. Several psychotherapy techniques derived from each of these traditions are discussed in the con...

The article deduces the concept of self-education that had been advocated by Laozi, founder Taoism, in his philosophy on aesthetic education. From perspective philosophical thoughts, this analyzes inspiration and inheritance “aesthetic” Chinese traditional culture based self-education, discusses similarities between beauty, as well explores internal relationship feeling so enlightenment value e...

The characteristics of systems boundary are unfolded by tracing the conceptual evolution of boundary in diverse and multiple disciplines, including systems approaches, organisational studies, chaos theory, and Chinese Taoism. Some key ideas revealed include difference as the origin of boundary, the primary (non-supplementary) role of boundary, buffering and spanning as boundary strategies, tran...