The objective of this paper is to examine the standing and thinking of regional planning in the country’s planning system with an emphasis on national development plans. It intends to see to what extent and how this objective has been achieved or this type of thinking has been incorporated into development plans. By scrutinizing these plans both in pre-and post-revolutionary periods, the paper ...

background: today, nurses are exposed to everchanging complicated conditions in health care services, they provide. to be able to cope with these conditions effectively, they should be competent decision makers. besides, as decision making conditions get more complicated, using critical thinking is a need. the current study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between critical thinking ...

System dynamics, systems thinking, and soft operations research (soft OR) all aspire to understanding and improvement of systems. In all, the first step interprets the real world into a description used in following stages. In system dynamics, description leads to equations of a model, simulation to understand dynamic behavior, evaluation of alternative policies, education and choice of a bette...

Systems engineering is, for a large part, a process description of how to bring new systems to existence. It is valuable as it directs the development effort. Tools exist that can be used in this process. System analysis investigates existing and/or desired situations. However, how to create a system that instantiates the desired situation depends significantly on human creativity and insight; ...

When something bad happens, we often think how things could have turned out differently (e.g., “If I had set my alarm, I would not have missed my appointment.”). Imagining an alternative reality, which could have replaced the actual one, is called counterfactual thinking. Counterfactual thoughts influence our feelings and thoughts about certain past events or actions. They also inform us how to...

Statistical thinking is a well-established approach that involves the application of the scientific method to solving real-world organizational problems. The premise behind statistical thinking is that a disciplined approach to gathering facts can be used to identify the root causes that act as a barrier to successful performance. Once these root causes are identified, corrective action can be ...

Background: Educational achievement is highly important in the higher education and universities’ system in all countries. Critical thinking and problem solving skills are the main outcomes of higher education and the accreditation criteria. Happiness is one of the fundamental emotions of human beings that has a crucial role in the health of individuals and society. It could be the catalyst and...