BACKGROUND In this review article different interdisciplinary relevant applications of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) in the head and face region are demonstrated. Patients with head and face disorders of different etiology often suffer from disorders concerning their musculature (example: synkinesis in mimic muscles) or gland-secretion. This leads to many problems and reduces their quality of li...

Vertical accommodative vergence is an unusual synkinesis in which vertical vergence is modulated together with accommodation. It results from a supranuclear miswiring of the network normally conveying accommodative convergence. So far, it is unknown whether this condition is congenital or acquired. We identified an otherwise healthy girl who gradually developed vertical accommodative vergence b...

Radical parotidectomy often results in complex facial nerve defects involving the main nerve trunk and multiple distal nerve branches. Although cable nerve grafting often leads to good nerve regeneration, severe synkinesis due to aberrant axonal regrowth is inevitable. In such situations, the use of 2 motor sources to differentially reanimate the upper and lower face could minimize synkinesis. ...

OBJECTIVE To study whether prednisolone reduces sequelae in Bell's palsy. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial with 12 months of follow-up. SETTING Seventeen referral centers. PATIENTS In all, 829 patients aged 18 to 75 years. INTERVENTIONS Randomization within 72 hours in a factorial fashion to placebo plus placebo (n = 206); prednisolone,...

BACKGROUND Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a common movement disorder. OBJECTIVE To evaluate possible differences in the demographic and clinical features between primary and secondary HFS. DESIGN In-person interview using a standardized questionnaire to collect demographic and clinical data. SETTING A multicenter study that included patients with HFS attending 3 Italian academic centers. Patie...

95 Hyun Gu Kang, MD Myong Chul Park, MD, PhD Dong Ha Park, MD Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Ajou University Hospital Gyeonggi-do, Korea Sir: F synkinesis is an abnormal involuntary movement of one set of facial muscles accompanying a voluntary movement of a different facial muscle. It is not uncommon for patients with longstanding facial paralysis to present with abnormal, in...