St. Joseph, Michigan, scene of the “Red” trials, is a town of some 8,000 people situated on the shore of Lake Michigan about 60 miles by boat from Chicago or 100 miles around by railroad. It has few industries, depending for its sustenance upon the extensive fruit growing country surrounding, and also upon the heavy influx of tourists during the summer. It is the seat of Berrien County, in whic...

Both major contenders in Peru’s 1931 presidential contest made populist mobilization a centerpiece of their political strategies. Never before had a candidate for national office so completely flouted traditional channels of political power and so thoroughly staked his political aspirations on the mobilization of support from non-elite segments of the population. This paper asks: Why did these ...