To quantify the energetic cost of maintaining lateral balance during human running, we provided external lateral stabilization (LS) while running with and without arm swing and measured changes in energetic cost and step width variability (indicator of lateral balance). We hypothesized that external LS would reduce energetic cost and step width variability of running (3.0 m/s), both with and wi...

This paper proposes a novel anti-swing control strategy for an overhead crane. The controller includes both position regulation and anti-swing control. Since the crane model is not exactly known, fuzzy rules are used to compensate friction, gravity as well as the coupling between position and anti-swing control. A high-gain observer is introduced to estimate the joint velocities to realize PD c...

Observational research suggests that in children with cerebral palsy, the altered arm swing is linked to instability during walking. Therefore, the current study investigates whether children with cerebral palsy use their arms more than typically developing children, to enhance gait stability. Evidence also suggests an influence of walking speed on gait stability. Moreover, previous research hi...

In walking, humans prefer a moderate step width that minimizes energetic cost and vary step width from step-to-step to maintain lateral balance. Arm swing also reduces energetic cost and improves lateral balance. In running, humans prefer a narrow step width that may present a challenge for maintaining lateral balance. However, arm swing in running may improve lateral balance and help reduce en...

This paper is concerned with a class of time-optimal control problems for the swing and the ski. We first consider the motion of a man standing on a swing. For simplicity, we neglect friction and air resistance and assume that the mass of the swinger is concentrated in his baricenter B. Let θ be the angle formed by the swing and the downward vertical direction and r the radius of oscillation, i...

To win elections, candidates attempt to mobilize supporters and persuade swing voters. With what magnitude each operates across American elections is not clear. I argue that the influence of swing voters should depend upon change in the candidates across elections and that the consequences of changes in composition should depend upon the relative balance of campaign expenditures. I estimate a B...

ing from what seem to be the transitory phenomena, like the post-Communist and East Asian crises, we seem to be in the presence of an interesting situation where world inequality is driven by what happens to the relative incomes of the three large areas: (1) the rich countries of the West, (2) urban incomes in China and India, and (3) rural incomes in these two countries. The ratio between (2) ...

Children with cerebral palsy often walk with diminished knee extension during the terminal-swing phase, resulting in a troublesome "crouched" posture at initial contact and a shortened stride. Treatment of this gait abnormality is challenging because the factors that extend the knee during normal walking are not well understood, and because the potential of individual muscles to limit terminal-...

Healthy walking is characterized by pronounced arm swing and axial rotation. Aging effects on gait speed, stride length and stride time variability have been previously reported, however, less is known about aging effects on arm swing and axial rotation and their relationship to age-associated gait changes during usual walking and during more challenging conditions like dual tasking. Sixty heal...