I develop the ‘surrogate motherhood’ model of entrepreneurship and network evolution. This model suggests that incumbent firms may gestate new spin-off firms by entrepreneurial employees when certain firm-specific and network conditions apply. Additionally, I suggest that the spin-offs keep their cohesive ties to the ‘surrogate mother’ firm well beyond resource dependence arguments would convey...

Case report of a 39-year-old intended mother of a surrogate pregnancy who underwent induction of lactation by sequential exposure to galactagogue drugs (metoclopramide and domperidone), nipple mechanical stimulation with an electric pump, and suction by the newborn. The study aimed to analyze the effect of each step of the protocol on serum prolactin levels, milk secretion and mother satisfacti...

The research is aimed at identifying the specifics of ana (mother -Kazakh)/mat’ (mother-Russian)/mother semantic broadening in Kazakh, Russian and English languages. componential analysis method lexicalized word definitions used to do this. It has been revealed that they present a prototype mother markers, as well “woman”, “giving birth”, “raising”, “single-generation” distinguishers, which pro...

Although most living organisms reproduce sexually, some have developed a uniparental reproduction where the embryo usually derives from the female parent. A unique case of paternal apomixis in plants has been recently reported in Cupressus dupreziana, an endangered Mediterranean conifer. This species produces unreduced pollen that develop into all-paternal embryos within the seed tissues. We an...

A case of a successful induction of lactation in a commissioning mother of a surrogate pregnancy is reported. Induction of lactation was achieved with oral metoclopramide which was well tolerated. Alternative methods to induce lactation are reviewed. The advantages of breast-feeding and the relative ease with which lactation can be induced after a surrogate pregnancy would suggest that this cou...

Objective Surrogacy is one of the most challenging infertility treatments engaging ethical, psychological and social issues. Attitudes survey plays an important role to disclosure variant aspects of surrogacy, to help meeting legislative gaps and ambiguities, and to convert controversial dimensions surrounding surrogacy to a normative concept that eliminates stigma. The aim of this study is to ...