We investigate the influence of the adverb surprisingly on the meaning of the quantity words few and many, which themselves have been associated with a reading expressing surprise. To learn about the meaning contribution of “surprise”, we compare surprisingly with the intensifier incredibly and a compared to phrase explicitly marking surprise. Based on an empirical measure of subjects’ expectat...

Behaviors such as exploration and homing, that seemingly demand a complex control system, only require a perceptron that connects a robot’s sensors to its motors. This is shown by evolving such neurocontrollers for the Khepera robot. An exploitation of the robot’s perception of the environment’s geometrical shape allows the robot to encode time, even though explicitly it is not presented with t...

Pick any length n binary string b1b2 · · · bn and remove the first bit b1. If b2b3 · · · bn1 is a necklace then append the complement of b1 to the end of the remaining string; otherwise append b1. By repeating this process, eventually all 2 binary strings will be visited cyclically. This shift rule leads to a new de Bruijn sequence construction that can be generated in O(1)-amortized time per b...