Surface-associated proteins play a key role in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis and are the major targets for vaccine development. Recent advances in defining the proteins associated with, and protruding out of, bacterial cells to a high level of accuracy are substantially contributing to accelerating the process of vaccine target identification and development.

Microtubules (MTs) are fibrous and tube-like cell substructures exist in cytoplasm of cells which play a vital role in many cellular processes. Surface effects on the vibration of bioliquid MTs surrounded by cytoplasm is investigated in this study. The emphasis is placed on the effect of the motor protein motion on the MTs. The MT is modeled as an orthotropic beam and the surrounded cytoplasm i...

The synthesis of a surface protein has been studied in Paramecium through double-labeling experiments using [(14)C]- and [(3)H]leucine-labeled bacteria as the source of radioactive amino acid. Over a 4-5 h incubation period, the turnover rate was found to be higher than that of overall cell protein. In addition, the initial label is apparently utilized during the chase period, being incorporate...