In low ambient temperatures the engine will have poor output torque and power generation at the first cycles of its performance, long start time and huge noxious emissions because of insufficient temperature and quality of air-fuel mixture and failure of flame to burn the charge. It is noted that any attempt to increase the charge temperature leads to better combustion conditions. By applying t...

limn2o4 spinel cathode materials have been successfully synthesized by solid-state reaction. surface of these particles were modified by nanostructured lifepo4 via sol gel dip coating method. synthesized products were characterized by thermally analyzed by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis(tg/dta), x-ray diffraction (xrd), scanning electron microscopy (sem), and energy dispers...

The effective surface charge obtained by fitting the Poisson-Boltzmann approximation to measured data is related to the actual surface charge. Evaluation of the formally exact expression, which depends upon the wall-ion direct correlation function, gives a precise measure of the amount of ion condensation in the planar double layer. Results are presented for 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 M monovalent an...

Surface charge of mixtures of lepidocrocite and i\lite determined by adsorption of potentia l-determining and electrolyte ions is studied as a functi on of pH and NaCI concentration. Deviations between results oblained by both methods were a fu nction of the ill ile content of the mixtures, and can be mainly attributed lO coatings of hydroxyalum inium compl exes on the constant charge surfaces ...

Abstract A non-destructive surface charge detection is crucial for charged water research and exploitation of in different applications. The widely used existing methods such as Kelvin force spectroscopy, Mass impedance Electrophoretic light scattering etc which are costly not portable. This work presents the design development a compact, portable, low cost incoherent IR based modality. It on T...

Surface charge density and distribution dependence of a nanochannel electro-osmotic flow was examined using a molecular dynamics (MD) model. Systems consisting of Na and Cl− ions in water confined between crystalline walls with varying negative charge on inner surfaces in an external electric field were investigated. At low surface charge densities, water flows as expected by common interpretat...

Charge inversion occurs when the effective charge of a surface exposed to solution reverses polarity due to an excess of counterions accumulating in the immediate vicinity of the surface. Using atomic force spectroscopy, we have directly measured the effect on charge inversion of changing the dielectric constant of the solvent and the surface-charge density. Both decreasing the dielectric const...