background & objectives: colon cancer is currently of high incidence and mortality rate. identifying the factors influencing its prognosis can be very beneficial to its clinical treatment. recent studies have shown that lymph nodes ratio can be considered as an important prognostic factor. the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of this factor on the prognosis of the patie...

Bladder cancer usually spreads via the lymphatic and hematogenous routes, the most common sites of metastases of urinary bladder cancers being the regional lymph nodes, liver, lung, bone, peritoneum, pleura, kidney, adrenal gland and intestines. Generalized lymph node metastasis of transitional cell cancer of the bladder is extremely rare. According to our literature search, there has been no c...

we report a case of a 68-year-old female who was a known case of diabetes mellitus and chronic liver disease and presented with complaints of dry cough and other constitutional symptoms since one month. during initial investigations, the patient was found to have peripheral blood eosinophilia. upon investigating further,the patient was found to have mediastinal lymphadenopathy and fine-needle a...

A 43-year-old premenopausal female presented with a multicentric infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the left breast with axillary nodes metastasis. She underwent modified radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection (level I and II) followed by a mixed autologous latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction with the addition of prosthesis. The final pathological analysis revealed a 6 cm invasi...

The pattern and incidence of lymphatic spread of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is differentiated according to location, size and histologic type of primary tumors. As the primary tumor size increases, the incidence of lymphatic metastasis increases. Ogata et al reported the incidence of mediastinal lymphatic metastasis increased from 24% for tumors under 2 cm in size to more than 40% for t...

BACKGROUND Extranodal soft tissue extension of axillary lymph node metastases (ETE) has been considered an indication for postmastectomy radiotherapy, including the axilla. However, it is unclear whether patients with ETE are at an increased risk of axillary recurrence. METHODS From a single institutional database of 2362 patients with breast carcinoma treated between 1974-1994, a total of 48...

An esophageal cancer has frequent metastasis in the cervical and upper mediastinal lymph nodes, in particular along the recurrent nerves. Cervicothoracoabdominal three-field dissection is the most radical and rational lymphadenectomy procedure based on this evidence. During three-field dissection, the nodes along the recurrent nerves from the neck to the mediastinum are more meticulously resect...

The importance of metastases in the cervical lymph nodes in lung cancer is now established. Long ago both Boyd (1886) and Abram (1910) referred to this diagnostic aid, and Packard (1917) stated that "if (enlarged) supraclavicular glands are present, excision should be resorted to and a specimen submitted to the microscope." However, it was Daniels (1949) who proposed biopsy of non-palpable cerv...