The chemical information that is present in a set of compounds is rarely fully exploited. This is mostly because no descriptor set can capture all biologically important features. As a result, valuable chemical knowledge can thus stay hidden from hypothesis-based drug design. The simplest form of a structure-activity relationship (SAR) is a substructure that predisposes compounds towards reduce...

We develop the formalism to include substructure in the halo model of clustering. Real halos are not likely to be perfectly smooth, but have substructure which has so far been neglected in the halo model — our formalism allows one to estimate the effects of this substructure on measures of clustering. We derive expressions for the two-point correlation function, the power-spectrum, the cross-co...

The amount of mass in small, dark matter clumps within galaxies (substructure) is an important test of cold dark matter. One approach to measuring the substructure mass fraction is to analyze the fluxes of images that have been strongly lensed by a galaxy. Flux ratios between images that are anomalous with respect to smooth (no substructure) models have previously suggested that there is a grea...

This paper presents various substructure definitions which are used mainly for crystal chemical discussions and for crystal structure analysis purposes. It is directed to the fact that a distinction has to be made between how the sub~tructures should occur in nature, and those substructures which are specified for crystal structure determinations and accomodated to the set of measured structure...

Some new finite lattices (for example, A/4 , M7, and the hexagon lattice) are shown to be isomorphic to the lattice of elementary substructures of a model of Peano Arithmetic. The set of elementary substructures of a model JV of Peano Arithmetic forms a lattice Lt(yf), the substructure lattice of jV. It is unknown whether there are finite lattices that are not isomorphic to any substructure lat...

Nonstandard lepton-quark contact interactions may arise at low energies as a consequence of a common quark and lepton substructure or of heavy boson exchanges, when integrated out. There has recently been renewed interest @1# in contact interactions due to the fact that they are one of the potential explanations of the excess of events reported by H1 @2# and ZEUS @3#, the DESY ep collider at HE...

In Iran and some other countries, elastomer bearings in seat-type bridges are used with no sole/masonry plates and there is no positive connection between superstructure and substructure. Different codes have diverse provisions regarding the coefficient of friction (μ) between elastomer bearing and superstructure/substructure and also the design strength of shear keys (Vsk). Developing a finite...