In Stage 1 of 4 experiments in which rats completed a water-maze blocking procedure, experimental groups were trained to use a predictive beacon (hanging above, connected to, or displaced from the platform) to find a submerged escape platform in the presence of predictive or irrelevant background cues and in the presence or absence of irrelevant landmarks. In Stage 2, a fixed beacon, landmarks,...

Respiratory activities were compared among rice seedlings germinated in air for 6 days (aerobic seedlings), those germinated under water for 5 days (submerged seedlings), and those grown in air for 1 day after 5 days' submerged germination (air-adapted seedlings). The respiratory activity of the submerged seedlings increased rapidly on transfer to air and reached a plateau at 16 hours in air. R...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Submergence and de-submergence are common phenomena encountered by riparian plants due to water level fluctuations, but little is known about the role of physiological integration in clonal plants (resource sharing between interconnected ramets) in their adaptation to such events. Using Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) as an example, this study tested the hypothe...

Submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been gaining in popularity in various types of wastewater treatment. One drawback of submerged MBRs is the difficulty in removing nitrogen because intensive aeration is usually carried out in the tank and the MBRs must therefore be operated under aerobic condition. In this paper, feasibility of a baffled MBR (BMBR), treating municipal wastewater partic...

Groin type and vegetation in groin fields directly affect flow field, bank protection, river evolution. Many studies focus on fixed-bed contexts, but there are few the influence of riverbed changes hydrodynamic characteristics around groins. In this study, three types groins investigated experimentally fixed mobile beds terms time-averaged characteristics, turbulence bed changes. both fixed- mo...

An experimental study has been conducted on the effectiveness of two types of flow-altering countermeasures placed around a cylindrical pier under clear water condition, which include sacrificial piles and submerged vanes. Their arrangements follow the optimal configurations recommended in the published articles with some modification. The temporal evolution of maximum scour depth and its equil...

Submerged arc welding is used widely in oil and gas industry construction for storage tanks, pressure vessels, shipbuilding and etc. One of the processes of submerged arc welding is back gouging operations. This paper presents a way to remove the back gouging operation from the submerged arc welding process. For this purpose, effects of submerged arc welding parameters onA516-70steel sample wer...

AIM The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcome of submerged vs. non-submerged tapered implants placed into fresh extraction sockets. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective, controlled, multicenter, randomized, clinical trial has been performed in two centers in Rome and Torino (Italy). Thirty healthy patients were recruited according to the following inclusion criteria: need for a...