Replacing failed bulbs of streetlights in a location can be very tasking and expensive if the optimal time for replacement is not determined. In this paper, model has been developed that helps to establish streetlight bulbs. Burnt-out are replaced individually when they fail, group carried out on all after specified time. The costs both individual was applied locally sourced data from field sur...

Using a victim survey, the prevalence and incidence of crime were measured 12 months before and 12 months after the installation of improved street lighting in an experimental area of Stoke-on-Trent, U.K.; and at the same times in adjacent and control areas where the street lighting remained unchanged. The prevalence of crime decreased by 26% in the experimental area and by 21% in the adjacent ...

Artificial lighting has been used to illuminate the nocturnal environment for centuries and continues to expand with urbanization and economic development. Yet, the potential ecological impact of the resultant light pollution has only recently emerged as a major cause for concern. While investigations have demonstrated that artificial lighting can influence organism behaviour, reproductive succ...