The concept of a geologically instantaneous earliest Zanclean reflooding the Mediterranean Basin after Messinian drawdown has dominated geological thinking and is ingrained in scientific literature. base Trubi Formation southern Italy, formally defined as Global Boundary Stratotype Section Point (GSSP) at 5.33 Ma, traditionally been considered marking marine Mediterranean. However, several stud...

There has been recent debate over stratigraphic markers used to demarcate the Anthropocene from the Holocene Epoch. However, many of the proposed markers are found only in limited areas of the world or do not reflect human impacts on the environment. Here we show that spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs), a distinct form of black carbon produced from burning fossil fuels in energy productio...

We evaluate the boundary of the Anthropocene geological time interval as an epoch, since it is useful to have a consistent temporal definition for this increasingly used unit, whether the presently informal term is eventually formalized or not. Of the three main levels suggested e an ‘early Anthropocene’ level some thousands of years ago; the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at ~1800 CE (...