The oxygen steelmaking process rapidly refines a charge of molten pig iron and ambient scrap into steel of a desired carbon and temperature using high purity oxygen. Steel is made in discrete batches called heats. The furnace or converter is a barrel shaped, open topped, refractory lined vessel that can rotate on a horizontal trunnion axis. The basic operational steps of the process (BOF) are s...

in this study, vanadium recovery from the steelmaking converter slag was studied. salt roasting-basic leaching is the process which was applied to separate and extract vanadium from steel making slag. ground slag was roasted after mixing with determined quantities of sodium carbonate. the effect of time and temperature of roasting and sodium carbonate content were studied. the optimum temperatu...

This paper attempts to illustrate the benefits of using slag models based on the thermodynamics of steelmaking reactions and the multi-dimensional modeling of phase equilibria. The use of mass balance calculations and the application of these personal computer-based slag models to the refinement of standard operating procedures can simultaneously result in shorter process times, more predictabl...

At the present time the production of steel in LD converters belongs to the most widely used technology in manufactu-ring pig iron. The steelmaking process belongs to very complicated metallurgical processes. Because of high pro-duction costs, which are closely tied to the interruption of the melting process with an early check, the tendency is to minimize these costs. It would be an advantage ...

Fuzzy constraints must be ne-tuned for a certain task. However, such ne-tuning cannot be done for all possible instantiations of a problem, and thus is generally done on protypical constraints. These templates are applied during run-time to a certain actual situation, i.e., dynamically adapted and applied only where necessary. This paper describes issues arising from the existance of such dynam...