Development of downstream operations in the Iran's petroleum industry has always been considered as a necessity in to create more value-added. One of ways to accomplish the misson, especially in the current situation, is exploiting the capacity of petroleum startups. Considering that these companies need to be valued for financing, and since the traditional valuation methods do not provide effi...

Information asymmetry presents a challenge to equity crowdfunding just as in other markets for equity capital. Investors are less likely to finance startups when it is difficult to assess quality. We argue that syndicates reduce market failures caused by information asymmetry by shifting the focal investment activities of the crowd from startups to lead investors. Syndicates align incentives of...

In some classes of models, taxes at the owner level are “neutral” and have no effect on firm activity. However, this tax neutrality is sensitive to assumptions and no longer holds in more complex models. We review recent research that incorporates greater complexity in studying the link between taxes and business activity – particularly entrepreneurship. Dividend taxes on owners of large firms ...

I develop a model of Silicon Valley engineer labor and venture capital (VC) markets. Software engineers choose between joining an established software company or founding a venture-backed startup. In equilibrium, they are indifferent between entrepreneurship and employment. The model predicts equilibrium markets wages, the terms of VC investments (i.e., the fraction of equity retained by the en...

The creation of spinoff companies is often promoted as a desirable mechanism for transferring knowledge and technologies from research organizations to the private sector for commercialization. In the promotion process, policymakers typically treat these “university” spinoffs like industry startups. However, when university spinoffs involve an employment transition by a researcher out of the no...

Es necesario conocer el estado de las startups. El objetivo general fue determinar la situación Startups latinoamericanas. Metodología, en esta investigación se han seleccionado 25 documentos, realizados período 2016 - 2021; incluyendo: artículos científicos, revisión e información sitios web organizaciones reconocidas. Las palabras clave utilizadas búsquedas fueron: latinoamericanas y Resultad...