The tremendous evolutionary potential of RNA viruses allows them to thrive despite host defense mechanisms and endows them with properties such as emergence, host switching, and virulence. The frequency of mutant viruses after an infectious process results from the interplay between the error rate of the viral replicase, from purifying mechanisms acting after transcription on aberrant RNAs, and...

We study the influence of collision-finding attacks on the security of time-stamping schemes. We distinguish between client-side hash functions used to shorten the documents before sending them to time-stamping servers and server-side hash functions used for establishing one way causal relations between time stamps. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for client side hash functions an...

Bipolar plate is one of the key components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Since the production costs of traditional graphite bipolar plates are very expensive and need a few millimeters thickness over the space, the resulting metal bipolar plate not only reduces the cost of such a bipolar plate, the thickness can also be reduced to micron range. This study aims to explore the a...

We introduce concurrent time-stamping, a paradigm that allows processes to temporally order concurrent events in an asynchronous shared-memory system. Concurrent time-stamp systems are powerful tools for concurrency control, serving as the basis for solutions to coordination problems such as mutual exclusion, `-exclusion, randomized consensus, and multiwriter multireader atomic registers. Unfor...

Six transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) is a protein that has been extensively studied due to its association with prostate cancer. Currently, STAMP2 is well known for its critical role in metabolism and modulating inflammatory signals. Even so, the molecular mechanism of STAMP2 activity and its downstream effectors are still largely unknown. Here, we review the current knowledge of ST...

This paper presents design and implementation of TDC based on time stamping using current balanced logic (CBL) buffer in 0.35 μm CMOS technology. The CBL logic buffer provides smaller delay compared to widely used current starved inverter, allowing better resolution in a given technology node. The CBL buffer based tapped delay line (TDL) provides accurate reference timing signals for time stamp...

We prove in a non-black-box way that every bounded list and set commitment scheme is knowledge-binding. This is a new and rather strong security condition, which makes the security definitions for time-stamping much more natural compared to the previous definitions, which assume unpredictability of adversaries. As a direct consequence, list and set commitment schemes with partial opening proper...

It is almost a folklore-knowledge that hash-based time-stamping schemes are secure if the underlying hash function is collisionresistant but still no rigorous proofs have been published. We try to establish such proof and conclude that the existing security conditions are improper because they ignore precomputations by adversaries. After analyzing a simplistic patent filing scenario, we suggest...

We studied the effects of catalyst introduction methods using poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers on the nickel patterning of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM)-coated substrates. Three different approaches to palladium catalyst introduction using microcontact printing as the patterning technique were utilized and compared. The catalyst introduction methods are (1) direct catalyst stamping, (2) d...

Introduction The 2001 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Europe have made clear that using emergency vaccination can shorten the duration of the outbreak. Until recently in the OIE code there was a big gap between the time needed to regain the status free of FMD without vaccination when using only stamping out or stamping out supported by emergency vaccination. For exporting countries th...