Abstract China officially launched the lunar exploration project, named “Chang’e Project,” in 2004. Then, 2013, Chang’e-3 completed soft landing on surface, starting a series of studies spacecraft. This study aims to optimize dynamic flight guidance and attitude control module represented by stage. After analyzing requirements stage module, this designs process under variable structure sliding ...

Computation of Hurwitz-stability regions in the parameter space of PID controllers has been a topic of intensive research in the last decade. The main impetus is given by the fact that non-convex stability regions can be built up by convex polygonal slices with constant k P , which is a consequence of decoupling of PID parameter space at singular frequencies. Thereby the computation task splits...

Rhesus macaques were inoculated subcutaneously with 40 plaque-forming units of yellow fever (YF) virus. To identify pathophysiologic mechanisms of YF, rectal temperatures and evidence of viremia were observed daily; physiologic and biochemical changes were studied on postinoculation day (PID) 5. Marked viremia was detected on PID 2 through 5, and fever was first observed on PID 4. On PID 5, blo...

In this paper, we formulate an optimization problem of establishing a fuzzy neural network model (FNNM) for efficiently tuning PID controllers of various test plants. An existing indirect, two-stage approach used a dominant pole assignment method with P=198 to find the corresponding PID controllers. Consequently, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is used to independently train th...

In this paper, a multi stage fuzzy Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) type controller is proposed to solve the Load Frequency Control (LFC) problem in a restructured power system that operates under deregulation based on the bilateral policy scheme. In each control area, the effects of the possible contracts are treated as a set of new input signal in a modified traditional dynamical model....

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A multi-centre, non-comparative study examining the efficacy and safety of Subgam, a normal immunoglobulin (IgG) given weekly as a rapid subcutaneous infusion to patients with primary immune deficiency (PID), is reported. Also included is a summary of adverse drug reactions associated with the use of marketed Subgam in the UK. MATERIALS AND METHODS 50 patients with s...

During Arabidopsis embryo development, cotyledon primordia are generated at transition stage from precursor cells that are not derived from the embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM). To date, it is not known which genes specifically instruct these precursor cells to elaborate cotyledons, nor is the role of auxin in cotyledon development clear. In laterne mutants, the cotyledons are precisely de...

this paper presents a new optimization algorithm to design an optimal proportional, integral, derivative (pid) controller in hydro-turbine generator governor for damping output frequency oscillations. in this research, we utilize a stochastic and optimal based pid controller to control frequency-response of the hydro turbine. the proposed algorithm is employed to design an optimal pid controlle...

In this paper, an attempt is made to apply the African Buffalo Optimization (ABO) to tune the parameters of a PID controller for an effective Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR). Existing metaheuristic tuning methods have been proven to be quite successful but there were observable areas that need improvements especially in terms of the system's gain overshoot and steady steady state errors. Usin...