The electro-spraying process can be regular and periodic, consisting of cyclical phases of initiation (meniscus, drop, and/or jet), pulsation, deformation and separation. This paper presents an experimental study on the repetition frequency of drop and/or jet ejection from the capillary end with various spraying modes during an electro-spraying process of deionized (DI) water. The influence of ...

In this report, we describe a method for the delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) into plant cells. In vitro synthesized siRNAs that were designed to target the coding region of a GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) transgene were applied by various methods onto GFP-expressing transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants to trigger RNA silencing. In contrast to mere siRNA applications, including ...

Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP) is a well investigated high temperature aerosol technique for synthesizing nano-sized metal oxide catalysts of almost all metals and transition metals by gas-to-particle conversion (Teoh et al. 2010). However, specific designs of multi-component catalysts and the controlled dispersion of catalytic material on the support are limited with this approach. Double Flame S...

AIMS To determine haematological parameters, urine mutagenicity (on three Salmonella typhimurium strains), and DNA damage (using the comet assay) in mononuclear leucocytes of farmers before and after a one-day spraying period of pear and apple trees with the fungicide captan in usual conditions. METHODS Fruit growers were exposed to captan during the 1998 (n = 12) and/or the 2000 spraying sea...

We examined whether the spraying of soybean leaves with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) would alleviate the symptoms of drought stress. Pre-treatment by spraying leaves with H2O2 delayed foliar wilting caused by drought stress compared to leaves sprayed with distilled water (DW). Additionally, the relative water content of drought-stressed leaves pre-treated with H2O2 was higher than that of leaves pr...

In recent years, coating processes based on the impact of high-velocity solid particles such as cold spraying and aerosol deposition have been developed and attracting much industrial attention. A novel coating process called 'warm spraying' has been developed, in which coatings are formed by the high-velocity impact of solid powder particles heated to appropriate temperatures below the melting...

powdery mildew disease caused quality and quantity losses of sugar beet production. therefore, five spraying treatments and three sugar beet variety were conducted in split plot design with four reapplications during consecutive two years in kermanshah and mashhad regions. in order to control of disease, tridimorph fungicide was used. spraying treatments were in main plot and variety in the sub...

Absorption of the herbicide paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium) by mixer-loaders and spray operators on a Sri Lankan tea plantation was assessed over five consecutive days of spraying. Beginning on the day before spraying started and continuing for each of the five spraying days and for seven days after the last day of spraying, 24-hour urine samples were collected from each of the worke...

Low-pressure cold spraying is a newly developed technology with high application potential. The aim of this study was to investigate potential application of this technique for producing a new type of transparent conductive oxide films target. Cold spraying technique allows the manufacture of target directly on the backing plate; therefore the proposed sputtering target has a form of Sn+In2O3 c...

The effect of exogenous application; seed priming or foliar spraying of salicylic acid (SA) on Yecora Rojo and Paragon wheat cv. under NaCl-salinity. Gas exchange parameters, growth parameters, yield and yield components were reduced in both cultivars under salinity stress with foliar spray and soaking seeds. Exogenous application of SA through foliar spraying or seed soaking showed a slight in...