A novel computational technique was used to simulate eruptions from Io's Tvashtar Catena region better understand the origin of visible structure gas/particulate plumes observed by New Horizons spacecraft in its 2007 flyby Jovian system. The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method produce number density, temperature, and velocity fields for SO2 gas erupting rectangular vents aspect ratio 1:...

INTRODUCTION Several major changes in sap collection equipment and methods have occurred over the past 10-15 years. The introduction of small spouts, a transition in composition from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing to polyethylene (PE) tubing, and improvements in fittings have occurred. These changes, along with continued modifications in tubing system design, installation, and maintenance as w...

The social environment plays a critical role in smoking initiation as well as relapse. We previously reported that rats acquired nicotine self-administration with an olfactogustatory cue only when another rat consuming the same cue was present during self-administration. Because carbon disulfide (CS2) mediates social learning of food preference in rodents, we hypothesized that socially acquired...