To threaten harm is to assault and to realise that threat is to batter. To do so intentionally for the purpose of producing injury amounts to causing harm with intent and one cannot consent to be the victim of such violence. Despite these clearly enunciated legal principles, such conduct is routinely practised in the name of sport. Boxing is widely accepted as a highly paid professional sportin...

Prior to Barnes, the boundaries of injury-causing conduct in sport, susceptible in law to the concept of consent were confined to actions within the rules of a game. Despite Bradshaw and Billinghurst implicitly eluding to a wider interpretation of consent it was Barnes that first acknowledged that contacts outside of the rules of the game can in certain circumstances, be consented to. Thus, we ...

OBJECTIVES To investigate relations between physical and psychosocial environmental problems in schools, as perceived by school principals, and injuries among pupils. METHOD Proportionate injury ratios (PIRs) were computed for 77 public sector Swedish schools (33,248 pupils), and divided into four classes based on types of environmental problems reported. Sports related injuries, injuries dur...

From time immemorial, physical exercise has been an integral part of human culture, and this has remained so to this day. The first written account that we possess dates from 776 BC, and mentions the first celebration of the Olympic Games, which then took place periodically at Olympia, in the north-west Peloponnese. And if we take this date as being that of the birth of sport, then it brought p...

In recent times, sport mega events have grown into major global spectacles that possess huge economic, political and social significance. Cities and nations compete intensively for the right to host mega events such as the Olympic Games, the Superbowl in American football, the Champions League final in European football or the ‘World Cup finals’ of various sports. For the organisers, these even...

The study attempted to analyse the concept of spectators' motives at mixed martial arts (MMA) events in Poland. In addition, we investigated the relation between motives and sports media consumption. The sample consisted of 273 people attending three similar, regional MMA events. Exploratory factor analysis was used to refine the structure of motives. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a reaso...

BACKGROUND Alcohol-related problems at professional sporting events are of increasing concern and alarming reports are often reported in international media. Although alcohol consumption increases the risk for interpersonal violence, it is viewed as a focal element of large football events. Sweden has a long tradition of high public support for strict alcohol-control policies. However, little i...

Mid-twentieth century America, it would seem, is experiencing a period of deep social, intellectual, moral and spiritual discontent. Critics proclaim what they see to be an obsession with material values, rampant commercialism in all areas of life, excessive competition, a deteriorating environment, violence, intemperance and the like. Many commentators plead for a more natural, a more humanist...

Martial arts are ancient forms of combat, modified for modern sport and exercise. Participation in the martial arts is increasing, particularly for youth. Martial arts provide health-promoting and meaningful exercise for millions of practitioners. Benefits from this practice include better overall health and balance, as well as an improved sense of psychological well being. They do not promote ...