Spine fixation is required in cases such as congenital spinal curvatures, vertebral fractures, sagittal collapse over time, painful kyphosis, and bone load due to tumors. Although there are many methods the literature, most commonly used spine method with pedicle screws. In these cases, it known that screws frequently body. this study, how radiological exposure of column dose was evaluated by s...

To precisely evaluate low back pain, identification of the detailed innervation of the lumbar spine is necessary. On twenty-five sides of adult cadavers we investigated various patterns of rami communicantes (RC) and their relationship to the psoas major muscle (PM). In ten sides, we focused our dissection on the minute nerve supply of the anterior (ALL) and posterior longitudinal ligaments (PL...

Background. NOTES techniques allow transesophageal access to the mediastinum. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of transesophageal biopsy of thoracic vertebrae. Methods. Nonsurvival experiments on four 50-kg porcine animals were performed. Transesophageal access to the mediastinum was attained using submucosal tunneling technique. Results. The posterior mediastinum was success...

The developing understanding of the morphology of the cervical spine has revealed the complexity of the system. A review of selected literature reported that a number of the joints have an unusual nature and exhibit complicated and even paradoxical motions. For the practicing therapist, the significance of these observations is that assessment and treatment procedures of the cervical spine must...

The skeletal system is the third most common site of metastases after the lung and liver. Within the skeletal system, the vertebral column is the most common site of metastases, and 8% to 15% of vertebral metastases are in the cervical spine, consisting, anatomically and biomechanically, of the occipitocervical junction, subaxial spine, and cervicothoracic junction. The vertebral body is more c...

This first paper aims to review our current understanding of the structure and function of the normal equine spinal cord and its associated vertebral column, beginning with the latter. Because of their intimate relationship, an understanding of these two structures is vital for localising signs of spinal cord disease particularly as many spinal cord disorders involve changes in the vertebral co...

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The asymmetric distribution of various proteins and RNAs is essential for all stages of animal development, and establishment and maintenance of this cellular polarity are regulated by a group of conserved polarity determinants. Studies over the last 10 years highlight important functions for polarity proteins, including apical-basal polarity and planar cell polarity regulators, in dendritic sp...