• Vascular supply of the spinal cord is by anterior spinal artery in the median fissure and 2 posterior spinal arteries supplemented by medullary branches of intervertebral artery. The intervertebral artery gives s dural and medullary branches. The dural branches persist through life, however, the majority of medullary arteries involute and by adult life only 6-10 medullary arteries persist. Th...

We are reporting an unusual case of dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF) of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) after tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer. A 30-year-old female arrived at the emergency room with a sudden headache and left sided weakness and sensory loss. In her past medical history, she was diagnosed with breast cancer 1 year prior, and subsequently underwent a breast conserving ma...

Two patients with protein S deficiency with acquired multiple pial and dural arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) following superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis are reported. Case 1 is a 38-year-old male with protein S deficiency who developed generalized seizure due to SSS thrombosis. Local fibrinolysis was achieved in the acute stage. His 10-month follow-up angiogram revealed an asymptomatic acq...

Cases involving intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) with spinal perimedullary venous drainage exhibit variable presentations, which results in delayed diagnoses. We describe a case of a 66-year-old female with a transverse-sigmoid sinus dural AVF with spinal perimedullary venous drainage who developed dysesthesia and hypalgesia that ascended from the peripheral lower extremities. S...

The purposes of this study were to review historical changes in the classification of spinal arteriovenous (AV) shunts and to propose a practical classification system. The associated literature regarding the classification of spinal AV shunts was reviewed in the angiography era between 1967 and 2015. The classification systems of spinal AV shunts and a proposed classification system were prese...

A 57-year-old woman presented with a dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF) involving the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) based upon serial radiological examinations. Her chief complaints were headache and vomiting. Cerebral angiography and magnetic resonance (MR) venography revealed the sinus thrombosis involving the SSS, the bilateral transverse sinuses (TSs), and the right sigmoid sinus. Her sympto...

Post spinal puncture headache (PSPH) is a well known complication of spinal anesthesia. It occurs after spinal anesthesia induction due to dural and arachnoid puncture and has a significant effect on the patient’s postoperative well being. This manuscript is based on an observational study that runs on Babol University of Medical Sciences and review of literatures about current concepts about t...

Background Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas (seAVF) are a rare subset of vascular lesions that most commonly found in the cervical levels. Unlike spinal dural AVF, seAVF typically supplied by multiple arteries, including direct branches from vertebral artery, which increases risk nontarget embolization using transarterial endovascular approach. In these cases, transvenous may be preferabl...