The efficacy and tolerability of 80 mg propranolol tablets as a vaginal contraceptive were studied in 198 fertile women for 11 months. The calculated one year life table pregnancy rate was 3.4/100 women and the Pearl index was 3.9/100 women years. No major adverse effects were encountered. The findings suggested that propranolol is an effective vaginal contraceptive whose failure rate compares ...

In recent year, there were various types of contraceptives developed having different mode of action. These contraceptives are prepared from natural as well as synthetic sources. These contraceptives worked by prevent the fusion of sperm into ovum, change female hormonal levels and spermicidal activity. Many compounds with different pharmacological activity have been evaluated in vitro for thei...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There are conflicting opinions on whether to recommend spermicides containing nonoxynol-9 for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). GOAL To systematically review and summarize the medical literature on the effect of spermicides containing nonoxynol-9 on prevention of gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, and HIV. STUD...

In recent years, there is a development of vaginal contraceptives incorporating potent spermicides. Many compounds with different pharmacological activity have been evaluated in vitro for their spermicidal activity. Drugs such as surfaceactive agents (synthetic and natural), ionophores, antiliquefying agents, antimicrobial agents and miscellaneous agents such as gossypol, Azadirachta indica, va...

Unintended pregnancy can occur when women stop one birth control method before starting another. To prevent gaps in contraception, physicians should ask women regularly about adverse effects, cost, difficulty remembering the next dose, and other issues that affect adherence. Women who want to change contraceptive methods need accurate advice about how to do so. Some contraception transitions re...

Neem is the name used to describe a heterogenous group of compounds derived from the tree Azadirachia indica, an evergreen of the mahogany family Melaceae and endemic to the Indian subcontinent and other tropical and subtropical areas. It is also known as India Lilac or margosa tree and more colloquially as ‘Panacea for all diseases’ and ‘Village Pharmacy’. Virtually every part of the tree incl...

BACKGROUND The most frequently used spermicide Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) in the clinic alters the vaginal flora, which will result in an increased risk of opportunistic infection. So development of a novel spermicidal and microbicidal drug appears to be inevitable. Vaginal local immune is an important part of vaginal flora. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), surfactant proteins D (SP-D), an...