INTRODUCTION There is no established reference standard for subjective measures of sleepiness in older adults. METHODS This study compares the Observation and Interview-based Diurnal Sleepiness Inventory (ODSI) with two existing instruments for measurement of sleepiness and daily functioning, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ). RESULTS A...

Inter- and intra-observer variation was examined among six microscopists who read 50 scrub typhus (ST) and murine typhus (MT) indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) immunoglobulin M (IgM) slides. Inter-observer agreement was moderate (κ = 0.45) for MT and fair (κ = 0.32) for ST, and was significantly correlated with experience (P = 0.03 and P = 0.004, respectively); κ-scores for intra-observer...

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find propotion fractured orbital walls in the maxillofacial trauma cases and its associated fracture treated Oral Maxillofacial Clinic ward operation theatre Hospital USM Kelantan, Malaysia. Materials methods: From July 2013 June 2018, records patients who sustained fractures presented them Accident Emergency Department, Clinic, were reviewed, recorded...

In all fields and branches of sciences especially statistics, the correlation coefficient is one most often used statistical measures. This study has been carried out for comparing performances Pearson (), Spearman's Rank Kendall’s Tau () coefficients under three sample sizes based on data quantitative variables cotton. Descriptive statistics showed presence genetic variability cotton studied t...

OBJECTIVE To develop a standardized validated version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) in Urdu. METHODS After translation of the HAM-D into the Urdu language following standard guidelines, the final Urdu version (HAM-D-U) was administered to 160 depressed outpatients. Inter-item correlation was assessed by calculating Cronbach alpha. Correlation between HAM-D-U scores at ba...

Nonparametric correlation measures at the Kendall and Spearman correlation are widely used in the behavioral sciences. These measures are often said to be robust, in the sense of being resistant to outlying observations. In this note we formally study their robustness by means of their influence functions. Since robustness of an estimator often comes at the price of a loss in precision, we comp...

The distributions of fatty acids in subcutaneous-adipose-tissue aspirates and their relation to intake as assessed by a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire were investigated in 115 postmenopausal US women free from cancer. Percentages of fatty acids in adipose tissue were significantly correlated with the percentage of total fat intake for polyunsaturated fatty acids (Spearman correla...