nowadays, with the development of human societies and more mastery over the environment, to environmental changes caused by the faster and wider than before the occurrence of the joins. so having the necessary information about these changes and to manage the natural order is essential to sustainable ecosystems, metrics of landscape is tools landscape situation are few mechanisms that cause the...

A multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system consists of multiple antennas at the receiver and transmitter. These multiple antennas can be used to improve the performance of the system through spatial diversity or increase the data rates by spatial multiplexing. One can also use some of the antennas for diversity and some for spatial multiplexing. The number used for diversity and spatial mul...

In this work, spatial diversity techniques in the area of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) diffusion-based molecular communications (DBMC) are investigated. For transmitterside spatial coding, Alamouti-type coding and repetition MIMO coding are proposed and analyzed. At the receiver-side, selection diversity, equal-gain combining, and maximum-ratio combining are studied as combining strate...

Ecology, biogeography and conservation biology, among other disciplines, often rely on species identity, distribution abundance to perceive explain patterns in space time. Yet, are not independent units the way they interact with their environment. Species perform similar roles networks ecosystems, at least partial redundancy or difference of might co-existence, competitive exclusion reflected ...

Spatial transmit diversity schemes are now well integrated into third-generation cellular mobile communication system specifications. When DS-CDMA-based technology is deployed in typical macroand microcell environments, multipath diversity and spatial diversity may be exploited simultaneously by a 2D RAKE receiver. The work presented in this paper focuses on taking advantage of spatial transmit...

Ecologists and conservation biologists have historically used species-area and distance-decay relationships as tools to predict the spatial distribution of biodiversity and the impact of habitat loss on biodiversity. These tools treat each species as evolutionarily equivalent, yet the importance of species' evolutionary history in their ecology and conservation is becoming increasingly evident....

Multi-Input Multi-Output(MIMO) techniques can achieve higher throughput and improved reliability in wireless broadband communications by exploiting spatial diversity in multiple-antenna wireless communications. By combining the spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing we can fully exploit the MIMO channel capacity. BitInterleaved Coded Multiple Beamforming (BICMB) can achieve both spatial div...

Elevational gradients hold enormous potential for understanding general properties of biodiversity. Like latitudinal gradients, the hypotheses for diversity patterns can be grouped into historical explanations, climatic drivers, and spatial hypotheses. The spatial hypotheses include the species-area effect and spatial constraint (mid-domain effect null models). I test these two spatial hypothes...