1 Department of Biochemistry, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. 4 Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Pakistan. 5 Pakistan Science Foundation, Isla...

the city of tabriz was one of the most important and historical cities of iran which had a pre-islamic background. this city was one of the main center of azarbayjan in the most historical era and it had been capital in some era like ilkhanian, gharaghoyonlu, agh ghoyonlu and even early of safavi era. historical background and continuous efforts residents of tabriz cause to infrastructure some ...

in public ceremonies, some of the deepest collective memories of the city are being shaped. in safavid era, feasts and funerals; which were either celebration of iranian old traditions or shiite rituals, provided some of the most memorable scenes in public life of the city. this has been mentioned frequently in itineraries and travelogues - both iranians and foreigners. these ceremonies gradual...

inscriptions in calligraphy, hard stone carving and rock reliefs have a long tradition in iranian art. although from the pre-islamic times many important samples of three dimensional sculptures have been found in iran, during the islamic era, because of the religious edicts and beliefs, that they had the sculpting prohibited, the art of sculpture couldn’t be developed in the way of pre-islamic ...

Akbar, however, was himself considered to be a healer to be healer by his miraculous powers. The court physician was one of the top-most officers of the court. Hakim Humam was such a physician who was one of the nine jewels (nauratnas) of Akbar. In 1581, Akbar curtailed the powers of Sadr (or Sadr-i-Jahan, the chief Justice and Administrator of the Empire) and he divided the empire in six zones...