Context: Software development effort estimates are typically expert judgment-based and too low to reflect the actual use of effort. Objective: To understand how the choice of effort unit affects expert judgement-based effort estimates, and to use this knowledge to increase the realism of effort estimates. Method: Two experiments where the software professionals were randomly instructed to estim...

the final goal of all dairy cow raising systems in the world is to use the available capacities and the cooperation of other sectors in order to solve the problems and issues, such as the limitations in time, man power and financial resources, for providing a complete answer. therefore, the need for optimization of cow raising systems by prioritization of measures and plans is the most obvious ...

Default reasoning is a useful inference technique which involves choosing a single context in which further inferences are to be made. If this choice is incorrect, the context may need to be switched. Dependency-directed backtracking provides a method for such context switching. Doyle’s algorithm for dependency-directed backtracking is revised to allow context switching to be guided by the call...