conclusions we conclude that oral cancer is etiologically related to the interaction between smoking and drinking. results the smoking as well as alcohol drinking rates in the subjects of the case group were significantly higher than the controls. of smoking types, bidi (a hand rolled cigarette) (or = 4.1, 95% ci = 2.4-6.9), and among alcohol types, hard liquor (or = 2.6, 95% ci = 1. 4-6.4), cou...

background : most people start smoking during teenage years. there is an increasing trend in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among children and adolescents in recent years. the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of cigarette smoking and associated risk factors among high-school students. methods : this cross-sectional study was conducted in january 2010 in hamadan ci...

background& aims : vitiligo is an acquired chronic skin disease which shows itself as depigmented areas . among the theories about the etiology of vitiligo, autoimmunity theory is the most accepted. one of the issues raised is whether smoking could have an influence on the vitiligo or not. this study was conducted to investigate the effects of smoking on the disease . materials and methods : th...

introduction: nicotine is the psychoactive substance responsible for establishing and maintaining smoking dependence. cyp2a6 is the primary enzyme that inactivates nicotine to cotinine .genetic variation in cyp2a6 accounts for some of the inter-individual variability in nicotine metabolism and has been indicated to influence smoking behavior and dependence. therefore, the aim of this study was ...

background: we investigated the effects of cigarette smoking in non-per os (npo) period on volume and ph of gastric contents in smoker male patients. methods: in a prospective cohort study, 86 male smoker patients undergoing elective non-abdominal surgery under general anesthesia, were surveyed. they were npo for at least 8-12 hrs. prior to surgery without direction to smoking. then they were d...