from applied linguistic point of view, the fundamental question facing the language teachers, methodologists and course designers is which procedure is more effective in fl/sl: learning to use or using to learn? definitely, in order to be a competent language user, knowledge of language system is necessary, but it is not sufficient to be a successful language user. that is why there was a gradu...

changes in credit risk may arise when either the value or the risk of corporate assets changes. changes in the equity value associated with the changes in the asset value and changes in asset risk can be characterized into potentially countervailing direct and indirect effects. the indirect effect of risk on equity value is a function of factors that affect the debt value of including leverage,...

We present a simple agency model with revenue-maximizing government and many public officials (agents) in charge of collecting payments from citizens. Agents are two types, honest potentially dishonest, the latter having an inherent propensity to demand bribes This may eventually turn into actual (perceived) corruption depending on strategy pursued by government. In equilibrium, we derive non-l...