gene therapy consists of the introduction of genetic material into cells for a therapeutic purpose. the understanding of the basics of the molecular and cellular mechanisms in disease treatments has resulted in the development of high-tech gene transfer materials with improved therapeutic efficacy. based on the results of more than 2000 clinical trials to date, gene therapy is going to be inclu...

background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is known to affect essentially the central nervous system; however, peripheral nerve involvement, as an additional cause of disability, has been recently noticed. objectives: this study was aimed to perform detailed electrodiagnostic assessments in ms patients to evaluate peripheral nervous system involvement. materials and methods: a total of eighty ms patie...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (cns) characterized by inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. one of its pathophysiological hallmarks is demyelination, a consequence of oligodendroglial cell death leading supply shortfall and missing electrical insulation to axons. demyelination induced consequences on neuronal network activity and subsequen...

celiac disease (cd) is a rare malabsorption syndrome mainly occurring in childhood which is now recognized as the most common food intolerance disease in the world. cd is associated with a wide spectrum of extra intestinal manifestations. neurological involvements of cd were first attributed to malabsorption due to changes in the mucosal architecture of the small intestine. neurological manifes...

neurotrauma is one of the main medical problems that affect considerable number of population especially young persons in all countries. neurotrauma not only is a serious threat for life but also creates various disabilities and consequently imposes large costs to society. following central nervous system (cns) injury, tissue damage occurs via primary and secondary mechanisms. despite many atte...

context patients with hepatic dysfunction suffer from many problems and associated complications in organs other than the liver. therefore, it is very important to investigate the effects of different drugs in the treatment of these patients. due to the high consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids), studying the effects of these drugs in patients with hepatic dysfunction is...

besides being a metabolite of nucleotides like atp, adenosine is a mediator of neuronal function in the central nervous system. its actions are mediated by at least three extracellular receptors. in this review different aspects of adenosine such as biosynthesis, release, inactivation and its receptors are discussed. it also covers pre- and postsynaptic effects as well as postreceptor mechanism...

background and aim: patients’ hospitalization is associated with family members’ anxiety. fulfilling family members’ needs such as providing them with information and helping them have physical contacts with their patients can alleviate their anxiety. this study was conducted to investigate the impacts of family members’ supportive presence in a neurological intensive care unit on their anxiety...