During limb development, posterior Hox genes of the Hoxa- and Hoxd cluster provide positional information along the limb axis. Here we report a new function for Hoxa11 and Hoxd11 in regulating the early steps of chondrocyte differentiation. We analyzed forelimbs of Hoxa11(-/-);d11(-/-) and Ulnaless mice, which are characterized by specifically shortened zeugopods. By detailed morphological and ...

We thank Kelder et al. (1) for sharing their valuable insights into the development of atrioventricular (AV) junction. In response to their comments, our replies are as follows. The anatomical identity of the derivatives of dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP) in our studies is in agreement with that described previously (2–5), which can be mapped by Mef2c-AHF-Cre (3, 5), and was also shown to b...

AF is often treated by ablation to isolate the pulmonary veins where ectopic pacemaker activity or reentry may initiate AF. The relationship of gene expression and histology in vein unknown. To identify sections regions be indicative pathogenesis. Human (PV) sleeve tissues form ostia left atrium were obtained from 8 unused lung heart transplant donors a protocol approved Cleveland Clinic IRB. A...

Turner syndrome is characterized by short stature and is frequently associated with a variable spectrum of somatic features including ovarian failure, heart and renal abnormalities, micrognathia, cubitus valgus, high-arched palate, short metacarpals and Madelung deformity. Madelung deformity is also a key feature of Leri-Weill syndrome. Defects of the pseudoautosomal homeobox gene SHOX were pre...

Background Cardiomyocytes derived from human iPS cells (hiPSCs) include showing SAN- and non-SAN-type spontaneous APs. Objectives To examine whether the deep learning technology could identify hiPSC-derived SAN-like SAN-type-APs by their shape. Methods We acquired phase-contrast images for SHOX2/HCN4 double-positive non-SAN-like made a VGG16-based CNN model to classify an input image as or cell...