BACKGROUND M2000 is a newly designed and safe Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of M2000 on expression levels of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-1 (SOCS-1) and Src Homology-2 domain-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) proteins via Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 2/microRNA-155 pathway. METHODS HEK293 TLR2 cell line and Peripheral ...

An encounter of B cells with cognate self Ags in the periphery can lead to anergy, a condition characterized by altered anatomical localization, shortened life span, and refractility to Ag stimulation. We recently reported that an immature B cell encounter with cognate self-Ag in the bone marrow can also lead to anergy. In this study we show that anergic as well as acutely Ag-stimulated immatur...

Chitin is produced in large amounts by fungi, insects, and other organisms and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Airway epithelial cells are in direct contact with environmental particles and serve as the first line of defense against inhaled allergens and pathogens. The potential contributions of airway epithelial cells to chitin-induced asthma remain poorly understood. We hyp...

Bone resorption in vertebrates relies on the ability of osteoclasts to assemble F-actin-rich podosomes that condense into podosomal belts, forming sealing zones. Sealing zones segregate bone-facing ruffled membranes from other membrane domains, and disassemble when osteoclasts migrate to new areas. How podosome/sealing zone dynamics is regulated remains unknown. We illustrate the essential role...

Previous studies of secretion from basophils have demonstrated the phenomenon called nonspecific desensitization, the ability of one IgE-mediated stimulus to alter the cell's response to other non-cross-reacting IgE-mediated stimuli, and a process that would modify phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-phosphate levels was speculated to be responsible for nonspecific desensitization. The current studies e...

The second messenger phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)P3 (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) is formed by stimulation of various receptors, including G protein–coupled receptors and integrins. The lipid phosphatases PTEN and SHIP1 are critical in regulating the level of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 dur­ ing chemotaxis. Observations that loss of PTEN had minor and loss of SHIP1 resulted in a severe chemotaxis defect in neutrophils ...