The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expresse...

Because politicians have control rights in the first place, giving them further control may actually raise social welfare by introducing some coherence in public policies. We show that public ownership of an institution is a constrained optimum when (a) stakes of allocating public funds to the institution are high; (b) the distribution of electoral weight is not highly skewed either towards or ...

Personality traits and their relation with emotional intelligence and psychological ownership (PO) have to be considered in public-sector organizations, because employees who work in the public sector may have fewer mechanisms to increase their feelings of PO toward their organization. Thus, with regard to conditions of public organizations, more attention should be paid to structural and organ...

Nowadays, the widespread connections among national and international organizations and industries make crisis in one area distress other organizations. One of the sensitive industries is banking industry, which has faced fundamental changes due to the various economic and political crisis in the last decade. Alterations such as exchange rates fluctuations, bankruptcy of unorganized institution...