Bivariate probit models can deal with a problem usually known as endogeneity. This issue is likely to arise in observational studies when confounders are unobserved. We are concerned with testing the hypothesis of exogeneity (or absence of endogeneity) when using regression spline recursive and sample selection bivariate probit models. Likelihood ratio and gradient tests are discussed in this c...

Firms with high levels of institutional ownership are more likely to be acquired. This paper shows that this positive correlation is due to ownership endogeneity. Institutional investors are better informed investors and buy acquisition targets (“selection”). After controlling for this ownership endogeneity, the presence of institutional investors reduces the probability of being acquired. Evid...

This study examines the association between firms’ ESG reputational risk and financial performance under EU regulatory policy changes COVID-19 period. Analyzing a panel of 1,816 European listed firms during period 2007–2021, we document evidence that with lower have reduced information asymmetry, are less constrained perform better. To establish causality, design quasi-natural experiment focusi...

Agricultural Extension services are among the most important rural services in developing countries. The services are considered to be a key driver of technological change and productivity growth in agriculture. In Kenya, like in the rest of the developing economies, agricultural extension has largely been delivered through supply–driven approaches. Due to perceived low impact of agricultural e...

New Evidence on the Motherhood Wage Gap Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we assess the role of employment-based health insurance offers in explaining the motherhood wage gap. Researchers have been aware of the existence of a motherhood gap for many years; yet, the literature has failed to address the role of non-wage compensation in explaining the motherhood wage ...

In this study we test whether leaving school in an economic downturn impacts self-esteem. Self-esteem is an important dimension of non-cognitive skill that economists have recently begun to examine. Previous work documents that leaving school in a downturn persistently depresses career outcomes, and career success is an important determinant of self-esteem. We model responses to the Rosenberg S...

This paper describes numerically simple estimators that can be used to estimate binary choice and other related models (such as selection and ordered choice models) when some regressors are endogenous or mismeasured. Simple estimators are provided that allow for discrete or otherwise limited endogenous regressors, lagged dependent variables and other dynamic effects, heteroskedastic and autocor...

This paper investigates the effect of parents’ current income and long-term family characteristics on individuals’ highest educational qualification obtained by age 26 using UK data from the 1970 British Cohort Study. The issues of the possible sample selection bias produced by the not completely random omission of current family income and that of its potential endogeneity are addressed, using...

Bilingualism is a widespread phenomenon, yet its economic effects are under researched. Typically studies find that bilingual workers are disadvantaged. Governments often protect minority languages through official promotion of bilingualism, with potential economic consequences. This paper addresses the impact of bilingualism on earnings, using the example of Wales. Results show a positive raw ...