The battle for public opinion in the Islamic world is an ongoing priority for U.S. diplomacy. The current debate over why many Muslims hold anti-American views centers around whether individuals dislike “who Americans are” with respect to fundamental aspects of culture and government, or “what Americans do” policy-wise in international affairs. We propose, instead, that Muslim anti-Americanism ...

An ion moving in a constant magnetic field is considered as the generic example of two-dimensional topological (Chern-Simons) theory. The eigenfunctions for the generic particle are determined by solving Schrödinger’s equation in the secular and non-secular forms of the theory, corresponding to the inclusion and non-inclusion respectively in the Lagrangian of the particle’s kinetic energy. A no...

Did Southern whites leave the Democratic Party over Civil Rights or because economic development and other secular changes in the region made the party’s platform increasingly unattractive to them? Answering this central question in American political economy has been hampered by lack of micro-data on racial attitudes from both before and after the Civil Rights era. Our contribution is to uncov...

In the United States, religious attendance rises sharply with education across individuals, but religious attendance declines sharply with education across denominations. This puzzle is explained if education both increases the returns to social connection and reduces the extent of religious belief, and if beliefs are closely linked to denominations. The positive effect of education on social c...

as turkey is officially a secular state and it adopts swiss civil code, thestate implements secular legal system. however, as people in turkey are predominantlymuslim and theyare born and raised in a traditionally muslim environment,people generally and especially women live under the influence of these two sometimescontradictory and inconsistent legal systems and customs. as a result, thereare...

The underlying assumption when speaking about the postcolonial nonhuman is that other-than-human refers to what could be called, broadly speaking, “natural world,” as opposed “the human-as-Man,” but still usually understood in (Western) secular terms. Nevertheless, from perspective of African onto-epistemologies, can also refer spiritual world, or diverse assemblages between “natural,” human an...

This research paper addresses secularization from both political and religious perspectives. One of its manifestations in the political sphere is that of globalization that can lead to alienation within society; and in the United Kingdom this is exemplified by Brexit. Within the religious sphere secularization is usually couched in oppositional terms. This paper reclaims the original use ...

Executive Summary: Amidst the intensified global focus on the ongoing conflict between the Israeli and Palestinian people, internal issues exist within each group. Cleavages exist within Israeli society both on a religious, socioeconomic, and even an ethnic level. These internal rifts play a role in preventing a peace between the Israelis and Palestinians. A case study evaluation of the Israeli...

is religious commitment declining? is the form of religiosity changing in the society of mashhad? to find answers to these questions, we studied the various theories of secularization and determined its three levels. we defined individual secularization and its product; the secular attitude, and determined its dimensions and its indexes. next we measured the secular attitude. we then studied th...