The expression “metabolic reprogramming” has been encountered more and in the literature since mid-1990s. It seems to encompass several notions depending on author, but lack of a clear definition allows it be used as “catch-all” expression. Our first intention is point out inconsistencies use reprogramming terminology for cancer metabolism. second address over-focus role mutations metabolic ada...

ceramide as a second messenger is a key regulator in apoptosis and cytotoxicity. ceramide-metabolizing enzymes are ideal target in cancer chemo-preventive studies. neutral sphingomyelinase (nsmase), acid ceramidase (acdase) and glucosyl ceramide synthase (gcs) are the main enzymes in ceramide metabolism. silymarin flavonolignans are potent apoptosis inducers and silibinin is the most active com...

Tryptophan metabolism, via the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, and microbial transformation of tryptophan to indolic compounds are fundamental for host health; both which altered in colon carcinogenesis. Alterations metabolism begin early carcinogenesis as an adaptive mechanism tumor escape immune surveillance metastasize. The community is a key part microenvironment influences cancer initiation, pro...

background: the aim of the study was to research concerning the epidemiology of newborns' galactosemia during 2007-2008 to find out whether screening was necessary for iranian newborns or not and also what the symptoms of this disease before or after diet were. methods: the data were collected from 24000 newborn babies from fars province, southern iran. the enzymatic calori­metric test was done...

bone is formed through the processes of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. in endochondral ossification primary mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondrocytes and then are progressively substituted by bone, while in intramembranous ossification mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) differentiate directly into osteoblasts to form bone. the steps of osteogenic proliferation, differentiation,...