Exposure to bacterial superantigens such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) leads to the induction of toxic shock syndrome which results in multiorgan failure, including liver damage. In the present study, we investigated the role of CD44 in SEB-induced liver injury. Injection of SEB into d-galactosamine-sensitized CD44 wild-type (WT) mice led to a significant increase in CD44 expression on ...

Bacterial exotoxins and endotoxins both stimulate proinflammatory mediators but the contribution of each individual toxin in the release of mediators causing lethal shock is incompletely understood. This study examines the cytokine response and lethality of mice exposed to varying doses of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and their combinations. In vivo, SEB alone ...

In this report, a simple and highly selective homogeneous sandwich immunoassay was developed for ultrasensitive detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) using Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). The assay uses polyclonal-antibody functionalized magnetic gold nanorod particles as capture probes for SEB, which can be collected via a simple magnet. After separating SEB from the sample...

The Staphylococcal enterotoxin superantigens stimulate vigorous responses in T cells bearing certain T cell antigen receptor (TCR) V beta regions. In addition to activation, these superantigens also impart negative signals to T cells resulting in a profound state of unresponsiveness or anergy. The Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (SE) B and C2 bind to a closely related site on major histocomp...

Increased interest has recently been focused on nitric oxide (NO) due to its several biological roles. Apart from being a potential antimicrobial defense and a mediator of autoimmune diseases, NO also appears to be a strong mediator of T-cell responses. In this report, we have characterized the effect of NO on T-cell function. For this purpose, we analyzed in vivo T-cell responses to the bacter...

Because mice are more resistant than humans to the pathogenic effects of bacterial toxins, we used D-Galactosamine- (D-Gal) sensitized mice as a model system to evaluate potential toxic shock symptoms triggered by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). We show that similar to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) [LPS], the exotoxin SEB causes lethal shock within 8 h in D-Gal-sensitized ...

No vaccine against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been currently approved for use in humans. Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) is one of the most potent MRSA exotoxins. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy and immunologic mechanisms of an SEB multiple B-cell epitope vaccine against MRSA infection. Synthetic overlapping peptide ELISA identified three novel B-c...

The effects of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) on regulation of immune response have been recognized; whether SEB can enhance the effects of immunotherapy on glioma remains to be investigated. This study tests a hypothesis that administration with SEB enhances the effects of specific immunotherapy on glioma growth in mice. In this study, a glioma-bearing mouse model was developed by adoptive...